RealTimeCaptions

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[1] Pan, Y., Jiang, D., Picheny, M., and Qin, Y. (2009) Effects of real-time transcription on non-native speaker's comprehension in computer-mediated communications. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI '09. ACM, New York, NY, 2353-2356.

[2] Wald, M. and Bain, K. (2007) Enhancing the Usability of Real-Time Speech Recognition Captioning through Personalised Displays and Real-Time Multiple Speaker Editing and Annotation. HCI International 2007: 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 22-27.

[3] The National Association of the Deaf and The Described and Captioned Media Program. Captioning Key for Educational Media.

  • much of the (very detailed) guidelines here are mainly relevant for captioners themselves. One section on "Text" is the only part relevant for ClassInFocus.

[4] Cardinal, P., Boulianne, G., Comeau, M., and Boisvert, M. (2007) Real-Time Correction of Closed-Captions. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics, 113-116.

  • correcting errors in captions



Text layout, format

Source Note
[5] Muter, Paul (1996) Interface design and optimization of reading of continous text. In van Oostendorp, H., and de Mul. S. (eds.) Cognitive aspects of electronic text processing. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. concise overview of conclusions about computer text format/layout/scrolling vs. paging/etc. (based on various studies)
[6] Bergfeld Mills, Carol and Linda Weldon. Reading Text from Computer Screens. ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 19, No. 4, December 1987. (329-357) format/layout studies + “When text was scrolled as a block, recall was significantly better than when text was scrolled sentence by sentence”
[7] Wald, M. and Bain, K. (2007) Enhancing the Usability of Real-Time Speech Recognition Captioning through Personalised Displays and Real-Time Multiple Speaker Editing and Annotation. In: HCI International 2007: 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 22-27 July, Beijing. changing / customizing display to make captions more readable
[8] Kohtaroh Miyamoto, et al. Integration of Caption Editing System with Presentation Software HCI International 2007 a study dealing with layout of components/ presentation
[9] Steinfeld Aaron. The benefit of real-time captioning in a mainstream classroom as measured by working memory. Volta Review, 1998 Winter; 100(1): 29-44. Mentions that 4 lines is optimal for onscreen realtime captions



Captioning info

Source Note
[10] Downey, Gregory John. Closed captioning: subtitling, stenography, and the digital convergence of text with television.JHU Press, 2008 book all about captioning
[11] Stinson, Michael, et al. (1999) Real-Time Speech-to-Text Services: [A Report of the] National Task Force on Quality of Services in the Postsecondary Education of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students. Northeast Technical Assistance Center, Rochester Institute of Technology. how some captioning systems work
[12] Rhyne, Theresa-MT and Lisa Fiedor. Examining Open and Closed Captioning Options for Multimedia & Online Instruction at North Carolina State University. Learning Technology Service. North Carolina State University. overview of captioning web-based content (flash, realtime, quicktime)
[13] Lesser, Brian et al. Programming Flash Communication Server. O'Reilly, 2005 (197-205). captioning and syncing in Flash (info about video as well)
[14] Lambourne, Andrew, et al. (2004) Speech-Based Real-Time Subtitling Services INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH TECHNOLOGY 7, 269–279.Kluwer Academic Publishers. SpeakTitle (live subtitling system) development
[15] Bain, Keith et al. (2005) Accessibility, transcription, and access everywhere. IBM Systems Journal archive Volume 44 ,  Issue 3  (August 2005) (589 - 603). IBM on transcription
[16] Kanevsky, Dimitri, et al. 2008. Speech transformation solutions. In Cognition Distributed: How Cognitive Technology Extends Our Minds, Dror, Itiel E. and Stevan Harnad (eds.), 207–235. mechanisms of transcription and how certain goals are met



Effect of real-time captioning on education for the deaf

Source Note
[17] Marschark, Marc, et al. (2006) Benefits of Sign Language Interpreting and Text Alternatives for Deaf Students' Classroom Learning. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 421-437 effectiveness of text & ASL interpretation of lectures for deaf students.

no observed benefits of high quality captions over high quality interpreters.

[18] Stinson, Michael S. et al. Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students’ Memory of Lectures With Speech-to-Text and Interpreting/Note Taking Services. The Journal of Special Education, Vol. 43, No. 1, 52-64 (2009) effectiveness of text/Asl interpreting of lectures for deaf students.